Difference between revisions of "Organic lining"
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| + | See also [[Foraminiferal Organic Lining]] | ||
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[[File:Fig 75.jpg|thumb|<font size="2">'''Fig. 1.''' The pore and its organic constituents; '''A:''' a pore in an inner chamber covered by an outer whorl, according to Leutenegger (1977), schematic, not to scale. '''B:''' Accumulation of mitochondria below a pore mouth in ''Bolivina'' sp., thus indicating the pores' main function: gas exchange. TEM micrograph of a section oblique to the surface ot the wall that exaggerates the thickness of the pore discs. The detachment of the outer lamella 2 ('''ouL 2''') is an artifact of preparation. x 24,000. Courtesy S. Reber-Leutenegger. '''C:''' Resin cast of pores in the lateral chamber wall of ''Nummulites partschi'' De La Harpe with trabeculae. The carbonates of the shell are dissolved with HCl. SEM graph x 1,000. '''D:''' Outer pore mouths in the lateral suface of chamber wall of ''Assilina''. Note the annular attachment of the interlamellar discs. SEM graph x 5,000. ''E:'' Inner pore mouths in the lateral chamber wall of ''Assilina'' shaped as eggholders (in order to keep the symbionts below their breathing chimneys). Note the annular suture of the pore plug. SEM graph x 5,000. '''C-E:''' from Hottinger, 1977. '''F:''' Perforation pattern on the dorsal surface of ''Challengerella persica'' (Recent, Persian Gulf): densely perforated porefields between imperforate ornamentation. SEM: oblique dorsal view of shell, x 30, and detail of porefield, x 500. '''G:''' Perforation pattern in ''Ammonia reyi'' Marie (Pliocene, Dar bel Hamri, Northern Morocco): densely perforated porefields between loosely perforated ornaments. SEM graphs of dorsal shell view (x 30) with detail (x 500). '''F-G:''' from Billman et alii, 1980; Abbreviations: '''bD:''' basal (pore) disc; '''Cy:''' [[cytoplasm]]; '''iL:''' [[inner lamella]]; '''ilD:''' interlamellar disc; '''iol:''' interlamellar organic lining; '''ls:''' lacunar system (in the cytoplasm); '''M:''' mitochondria; '''ML:''' median layer separating inner from outer lamellas; '''OL:''' Organic lining (here difficult to separate from plasmalemma of host); '''ouL 1:''' primary outer lamella; '''ouL 2''', '''ouL3:''' subsequent outer lamellas; '''P:''' [[pore]]; '''Pc:''' organic pore coat; '''Pl:''' plasmalemma; '''ppl:''' pore plug (note its porosity); '''Spl:''' (biomineralized) sieveplate; '''V:''' vacuole; (Hottinger, 2006; fig. 75)[http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html] '''CC'''/BY-NC-SA)]] | [[File:Fig 75.jpg|thumb|<font size="2">'''Fig. 1.''' The pore and its organic constituents; '''A:''' a pore in an inner chamber covered by an outer whorl, according to Leutenegger (1977), schematic, not to scale. '''B:''' Accumulation of mitochondria below a pore mouth in ''Bolivina'' sp., thus indicating the pores' main function: gas exchange. TEM micrograph of a section oblique to the surface ot the wall that exaggerates the thickness of the pore discs. The detachment of the outer lamella 2 ('''ouL 2''') is an artifact of preparation. x 24,000. Courtesy S. Reber-Leutenegger. '''C:''' Resin cast of pores in the lateral chamber wall of ''Nummulites partschi'' De La Harpe with trabeculae. The carbonates of the shell are dissolved with HCl. SEM graph x 1,000. '''D:''' Outer pore mouths in the lateral suface of chamber wall of ''Assilina''. Note the annular attachment of the interlamellar discs. SEM graph x 5,000. ''E:'' Inner pore mouths in the lateral chamber wall of ''Assilina'' shaped as eggholders (in order to keep the symbionts below their breathing chimneys). Note the annular suture of the pore plug. SEM graph x 5,000. '''C-E:''' from Hottinger, 1977. '''F:''' Perforation pattern on the dorsal surface of ''Challengerella persica'' (Recent, Persian Gulf): densely perforated porefields between imperforate ornamentation. SEM: oblique dorsal view of shell, x 30, and detail of porefield, x 500. '''G:''' Perforation pattern in ''Ammonia reyi'' Marie (Pliocene, Dar bel Hamri, Northern Morocco): densely perforated porefields between loosely perforated ornaments. SEM graphs of dorsal shell view (x 30) with detail (x 500). '''F-G:''' from Billman et alii, 1980; Abbreviations: '''bD:''' basal (pore) disc; '''Cy:''' [[cytoplasm]]; '''iL:''' [[inner lamella]]; '''ilD:''' interlamellar disc; '''iol:''' interlamellar organic lining; '''ls:''' lacunar system (in the cytoplasm); '''M:''' mitochondria; '''ML:''' median layer separating inner from outer lamellas; '''OL:''' Organic lining (here difficult to separate from plasmalemma of host); '''ouL 1:''' primary outer lamella; '''ouL 2''', '''ouL3:''' subsequent outer lamellas; '''P:''' [[pore]]; '''Pc:''' organic pore coat; '''Pl:''' plasmalemma; '''ppl:''' pore plug (note its porosity); '''Spl:''' (biomineralized) sieveplate; '''V:''' vacuole; (Hottinger, 2006; fig. 75)[http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html] '''CC'''/BY-NC-SA)]] | ||
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*''according to Hottinger (2006):'' | *''according to Hottinger (2006):'' | ||
| − | '''ORGANIC LINING''' - an organic cell envelope said to consist of mucopolysaccharides, located between the plasmalemma and the biomineralized cell envelope. It covers the protoplasmic cell body in the chamber lumina and the connecting cavities inbetween them (foramina, stolons), but never the interlocular | + | '''ORGANIC LINING''' - an organic cell envelope said to consist of mucopolysaccharides, located between the plasmalemma and the biomineralized cell envelope. It covers the protoplasmic cell body in the chamber lumina and the connecting cavities inbetween them (foramina, stolons), but never the [[interlocular space]]s. Whether it occurs in chamberlet cavities of the [[supplemental skeleton]] is unknown at present. May be discontinuous or extremly thin over pore mouths and/or in the ultimate and penultimate chambers, and commonly thickens in the direction of earlier growth stages. May be involved in stolon plugging. May be resorbed together with the biomineralized wall when brood chambers are formed. The organic lining resists dissolution of the biomineralized shell by acidic attack, maintains the shape of the protoplasmic body and is capable of remineralizing its shell when the ambient environment returns to normal. However, the role of the organic lining in biomineralization has to be investigated further. |
''Remarks:'' There is no reason to abandon the traditional designation of organic lining (as used by Loeblich & Tappan, 1987) in favour of "inner organic lining" (IOL) as introduced by Anderson and Bé (1978). The eventual use of an "outer organic layer" called for by the IOL that might be applied either to the outer organic cover of the biomineralized shell or to the temporary organic envelope that in some species protects the process of chamber formation would add confusion in the description of the several layers of the cell envelope and their specific functions. Moreover, the term "inner organic lining" is easily confused with the term "inner lining" which is equivalent to "inner lamella", the inner calcified lamella of the primary wall in perforate foraminifera. | ''Remarks:'' There is no reason to abandon the traditional designation of organic lining (as used by Loeblich & Tappan, 1987) in favour of "inner organic lining" (IOL) as introduced by Anderson and Bé (1978). The eventual use of an "outer organic layer" called for by the IOL that might be applied either to the outer organic cover of the biomineralized shell or to the temporary organic envelope that in some species protects the process of chamber formation would add confusion in the description of the several layers of the cell envelope and their specific functions. Moreover, the term "inner organic lining" is easily confused with the term "inner lining" which is equivalent to "inner lamella", the inner calcified lamella of the primary wall in perforate foraminifera. | ||
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*''according to Schiebel and Hemleben (2017):'' | *''according to Schiebel and Hemleben (2017):'' | ||
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Hottinger (2006), [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research]. [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/uk-index.html Carnets de Géologie], [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Memoir 2], ISSN 1634-0744. | Hottinger (2006), [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research]. [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/uk-index.html Carnets de Géologie], [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Memoir 2], ISSN 1634-0744. | ||
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| + | Leutenegger S. (1977).- Ultrastructure de Foraminifères perforés et imperforés ainsi que de leur symbiotes.- Cahiers de Micropaléontologie, Paris, fasc. 3-1977, 52 p. + 54 pls. | ||
Loeblich & Tappan (1987), Foraminiferal genera and their classification,Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, vol. 1, 970 p.; vol. 2, 212 p. + 847 pls. | Loeblich & Tappan (1987), Foraminiferal genera and their classification,Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, vol. 1, 970 p.; vol. 2, 212 p. + 847 pls. | ||
