View source for Supraembryonic chamber

[[File:Fig 41.jpg|thumb|<font size="2">'''Fig. 1.''' Embryonic apparatus.
'''A:''' ''Discocyclina'', stereograph after Ferràndez (1999), modified. Schema, not to scale. '''B:''' ''Discocyclina sp.'', equatorial section, showing corona. Transmitted light micrograph. '''C:''' ''Amphisorus sp.'' Stereograph, schema, not to scale. '''D:''' ''Amphisorus hemprichii'' Ehrenberg from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Recent. Equatorial section, transmitted light micrograph, showing flexostyle and forecourt. '''E:''' ''Orbitolites sp.'', stereograph after Lehmann, 1961, redrawn. Note the shape like a dumb-bell of the proloculus. '''F-G:''' ''Orbitolites sp.'', Lower Eocene, Pakistan, Allemann collection. Oblique-centered sections, in approximately equatorial and axial direction, showing flexostyle constricting the proloculus. Transmitted light micrographs. '''H:''' ''Orbitopsella sp.'', stereograph showing sphaeroconch with its exoskeleton. Schema, not to scale, after Hottinger, 1967. Note the appearance of endoskeletal pillars not before the third chamber. '''I:''' ''Orbitopsella praecursor'' (Gümbel), Middle Lias, Morocco, equatorial section showing the thin proloculus wall and the sphaeroconch with its simple exoskeleton consisting of beams only. Transmitted light micrograph. '''J:''' Advanced orbitoliniform embryo, schematic, not to scale. Note the apex that is directed downwards (arrows) to facilitate the comparison with Hofker's drawings (1963). '''K-L:''' embryos of ''Karsella hottingeri'' Sirel, a Upper Paleocene form that exhibits an architecture strikingly similar to the one of Mid-Cretaceous orbitolinids. Pakistan, Allemann collection. Transmitted light micrographs. '''M:''' ''Sabaudia minuta'' Hofker Jr, embryo followed by three agglutinated chambers of the same series and presenting a simple exoskeleton. Lower Cretaceous. Note the hyaline embryo wall. The embryos are known to be formed within the mother shell and seem to have no access to grains in the environment to build their agglutinated walls.
'''achl:''' auxilliary chamberlet; '''ap:''' [[annular passage]]; '''ast:''' annular stolon; '''b:''' [[beam]]; '''d:''' [[deuteroconch]]; '''ecr:''' [[equatorial crest]]; '''fl:''' [[flexostyle]]; '''il:''' [[inner lamella]]; '''lchl:''' [[lateral chamberlet]]; '''mchl:''' main chamberlets; '''ol:''' [[outer lamella]]: '''ost:''' oblique stolon; '''ost(d):''' oblique stolon of deuteroconch; '''p:''' [[pore]]; '''pap:''' papilla; '''peri:''' periembryonal chamberlets; '''pi:''' [[pillar]]; '''pr:''' [[proloculus]]; '''rst:''' radial stolon; '''rst(d):''' radial stolon of deuteroconch; '''s:''' [[septum]]; '''sc:''' [[sphaeroconch]]; '''sl:''' [[septulum]]; '''sub:''' subembryonic chamber (=deuteroconch); '''supra:''' supraembryonic chamber; (Hottinger, 2006; fig. 41 [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html] '''CC'''/BY-NC-SA)]]


__FORCETOC__
==Definition==
*''according to Hottinger (2006):''
'''SUPRAEMBRYONIC CHAMBER ''' - a more or less hemispherical [[deuteroconch]] in apical position, embracing from above an often incompletely calcified [[protoconch]] bearing exoskeletal elements, as in ''Orbitolina'' s.str.


''Remarks:'' This term was introduced by Douglas (1960) together with the term "periembryonic" for the third (and partially forth) growth stage, below the proloculus, implying a life position face downward. Schroeder (1962, 1973) and later Arnaud-Vanneau (1980) attributed much phylogenetic weight to a distinction between supra- and periembryonic chambers.



==See also==
*[[deuteroconch]]
*[[exoskeleton]]
*[[protoconch]]


==References==
Arnaud-Vanneau (1980), Micropaléontologie, paleoécologie et sédimentologie d'une plate-forme carbonatée de la marge passive de la Téthys: l’Urgonien du Vercors septentrional et de la Chartreuse (Alpes occidentales), Géologie Alpine, Grenoble, Mémoire 11, 3 vols., 876 p. + 115 pls.

Douglas (1960), The foraminiferal genus Orbitolina in North America.- Geological Survey Professional Paper, Washington, 333, 52 p. + 14 pls.

Ferràndez I Cañadell (1999), Morfoestructura i paleobiologia dels Ortofragmínidos de la Mesogea (Discocyclinidae i Orbitocyclinidae, Foraminifera), Arxius de les Seccions de Ciències, Barcelona, (Secció de Ciències i Tecnologia), CXXI, 339 p.

Hofker (1963), Studies on the genus Orbitolina(Foraminiferida),  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen, Leiden, vol. 29, p. 181–253 + 23 pls.

Hottinger (1967), Foraminifères imperforés du Mésozoïque marocain,  Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique, Rabat, N° 209, p. 5-168

Hottinger (2006), [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research]. [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/uk-index.html Carnets de Géologie], [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Memoir 2], ISSN 1634-0744

Lehmann (1961), Strukturanalyse einiger Gattungen der Subfamilie Orbitolitinae, Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae, Basel, vol. 54, N° 2, p. 
597-667.

Schröder (1962), Orbitolinen des Cenomans Südwesteuropas,  Paläontologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart, Band 36, N° 3-4, p. 171-202.

Schroeder (1973), El corte de Aulet (Prov. de Huesca) Evolucion de las Orbitolinas en el limite del Cretaceo inferior superior. In: XIII Coloquio Europeo de Micropaleontologia  España 1973, Enadimsa, Madrid, p. 141-149.

                                                              
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