View source for Ramp

[[File:Fig.47H.png|thumb|<font size="2">'''Fig. 1.'''  Endoskeletal patterns in discoidal shells (after Hottinger, 1967) '''H1-2:''' ''Orbitolites spp.'' from the region of Tremp, Lerida prov., Northern Spain. Pyrenean Lower Eocene (Ilerdian). '''H1:''' the comparatively regular disposition of the ramps in sections parallel to the equatorial plane reveals their superposition in consecutive stolon planes. '''H2:''' in the transverse section parallel to the axis of the shell this superposition is clearly visible where the section is tangential to an annular septum.
Abbreviations:'''f:''' foramen; '''ra:''' ramp; '''s:''' septum; '''sl:''' septulum; (Hottinger, 2006; fig. 47 [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html] '''CC'''/BY-NC-SA)]]

[[File:Fig 71.jpg|thumb|<font size="2">'''Fig. 2. '''The structure of ''Orbitolina''.'''A-D:''' Oblique and vertical views of the cone base. These plasticine models sculptured in the years around 1955 by M. Richel (* 1896 - † 1984) were never published. '''E-F:''' Details of a septulum in the radial zone of the discoidal chamber. In model E the septulum is cut below the roof and above the bottom of the chambers. The apparent folding of the section results from the adjustment of the endoskeletal structure to the crosswise-oblique arrangement of the stolon axes (arrows) that produce so-called ramps. In model F the septulum is cut in the middle of the chamber and shows a part of the chamber bottom with the face of the previous chamber. In the middle of the chamber, the section of the septulum appears unfolded.'''G-H:''' Random thinsections of ''Orbitolina sp.'' from Southwestern France, Albian. Transmitted light micrographs. In Fig. G the approximate positions of sections H-K are indicated. Note the inverse orientation: the sections face downward. '''G-K:''' Random sections of ''Orbitolina sp.'' from Southwestern France, Albian. Transmitted light micrographs. The approximate position of sections H-K are indicated in section G that is very close to the axial plane. Section H demonstrates details of the reticular zone, section I details of the marginal zone and section J details of the radial zone. The transverse section K shows the ramps produced by the crosswise-oblique stolon system.
'''a:''' aperture; '''af:''' apertural face; '''b:''' beam; '''cl:''' chamberlet; '''e:''' epiderm; '''f:''' foramen; '''gr:''' coarse grains in the septum that obscure the structural pattern; '''hor:''' horizontal section in the plasticine model; '''marg:''' marginal zone; '''r:''' rafter; '''ra:''' ramp; '''rad:''' radial zone; '''ret:''' reticular zone; '''s:''' septum; '''sf:''' septal face; '''sl:''' septulum; '''sut:''' suture of the chambers. Double arrows in E and '''F:''' crosswise oblique foraminal axes; (Hottinger, 2006; fig. 71)[http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html] '''CC'''/BY-NC-SA)]]__FORCETOC__
==Definition==

*''according to Hottinger (2006):''

'''RAMP'''  is a linear surface in sections that traverse successive [[chamber]]s with an [[endoskeleton]] defined by crosswise-oblique [[stolon]] axes. The ramp effect is produced by the [[stolon]]s alternating their inclination in successive [[stolon plane]]s of discoidal shells (''Orbitolites'') or cone mantels of uniserial cones (''Orbitolina'').





==See also==
* [[chamber]]
* [[endoskeleton]]
* [[stolon]]
* [[stolon axis]]

==References==
Hottinger (1967), Foraminifères imperforés du Mésozoïque marocain, Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique, Rabat, N° 209, p. 5-168

Hottinger (2006), [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research]. [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/uk-index.html Carnets de Géologie], [http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html Memoir 2], ISSN 1634-0744.

                  

                            | [[Foraminifera]]  |  [[EForams-LINKS|FORAM-Links]] | [[CONTRIBUTORS|Contributors]] |